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Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd (8 September 1901 – 6 September 1966), also known as ''Dr H.F Verwoerd'', was a South African Applied psychology and Sociology professor, Afrikaans newspaper editor-in-chief and Prime Minister of South Africa. He is regarded as the mastermind behind socially engineering and implementing the racist policies of apartheid, the system of legal racial classification and forced racial segregation that existed in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. The aim of apartheid was to uphold Afrikaner white domination and the exploitation of black cheap labour in South Africa. Apartheid was rigidly enforced by means of oppressive laws as well as aggressive security services such as security police and army. Verwoerd was an authoritarian leader and right-wing Afrikaner Nationalist. He was a strong advocate of ''Afrikanerdom'', which was the strong nationalistic pride in the Afrikaner volk language, culture, religion and history. He believed that Afrikaner white control over South Africa could only continue if the races lived apart in a form of divide and rule concept. He survived an assassination attempt in 1960, but was assassinated in 1966. Prior to entering politics, Verwoerd was regarded as a brilliant Social Science scholar at Stellenbosch University. He obtained his bachelor's degree with distinctions majoring in psychology, sociology and philosophy. He continued his studies at the same university, completing his Master's and Doctorate in philosophy cum laude. As a result of his academic excellence he received a post-doctoral scholarship from the University of Oxford, but turned it down to further his studies in psychology and sociology at various German universities. Upon his return to South Africa, a graduate in psychology and philosophy, he was appointed as a professor of Applied Psychology at Stellenbosch University at the age of 26. He was then later appointed as head of the Sociology department in 1933. Verwoerd was Prime Minister during the establishment of the Republic of South Africa in 1961, thereby fulfilling the Afrikaner dream of an independent republic for South Africans. During his tenure as Prime Minister, anti-apartheid movements such as the African National Congress (ANC) and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) were banned, and the Rivonia Trial, which prosecuted ANC leaders, was held. Many major roads, places and facilities in cities and towns of South Africa were named after Verwoerd; in post-apartheid South Africa, most of these references to the creator of apartheid have been renamed. Famous examples include H. F. Verwoerd Airport in Port Elizabeth, renamed Port Elizabeth Airport, the Verwoerd Dam in the Free State, now the Gariep Dam, H. F. Verwoerd Academic Hospital in Pretoria, now Steve Biko Hospital, and the town of Verwoerdburg, now Centurion. ==Early life== Verwoerd was born in the Netherlands, thus making him the only person to become a South African prime minister who was not born in South Africa. He was the second child of Anje Strik and Wilhelmus Johannes Verwoerd: he had an elder brother named Leendert and a younger sister named Lucie. His father was a shopkeeper and a deeply religious man who decided to move his family to South Africa in 1903 because of his sympathy towards the Afrikaner nation after the Second Boer War. Verwoerd went to a Lutheran primary school in Wynberg, a suburb of Cape Town. By the end of 1912 the Verwoerd family moved to Bulawayo, in what was then Rhodesia, where his father became an assistant evangelist in the Dutch Reformed Church. Hendrik Verwoerd attended Milton High School where he was awarded the Beit Scholarship, established through the generosity of the Jewish diamond magnate and financier, Alfred Beit. Verwoerd received the top marks for English literature in the whole of Rhodesia. In 1917 the family moved back to South Africa because the congregation in Bulawayo appointed a second minister of religion. His father took up a position in the church in Brandfort, Orange Free State. Due to the worldwide Spanish flu epidemic, the younger Verwoerd only sat for his matriculation exams in February 1919, achieving first position in the Orange Free State and fifth in South Africa.〔Beyers, C.J. (1981). Dictionary of South African Biography, Vol.4, Durban: Butterworth, pp.730–40; P.W. Grobbelaar, Man van die Volk, 13-15 (1966).〕 After his schooling, he proceeded to study B.A. theology at the University of Stellenbosch. He was regarded as a brilliant student and known to possess an incredible photographic memory. He was also a member of a debating club as well as a hiking club and participated in theatre productions. In 1921 he graduated with honours (B.A.). He applied for admission to the Theology School. However, he was required to submit a reference from the minister of religion from his home town, Brandfort, on his suitability for such studies. Since the latter did not know him personally, but the university insisted that he should first recommend Verwoerd, the latter withdrew his application for admission. He then continued to study psychology and philosophy. He was awarded a master's degree cum laude the next year. During this time he also served on the students' council together with Betsie Schoombie, later his wife, and was its president in 1923. He completed his doctorate in 1924, also cum laude. The title of his thesis was "Thought Processes and the Problem of Values" Verwoerd was awarded two scholarships for further post-doctoral studies abroad—one by the Abe Bailey Trust to study at Oxford University, England, and another one to continue his studies in Germany. He opted for the latter, although it was not financially as generous, because he wanted to study under a number of famous German professors of the time. Verwoerd left for Germany in 1926 and proceeded to study psychology at the universities of Hamburg, Berlin and Leipzig each for one semester. In Hamburg he studied under William Stern, in Berlin under Wolfgang Köhler and Otto Lipmann, and in Leipzig under Felix Krueger. Most of these professors were not allowed to teach anymore once the Nazis came to power in 1933. Claims that Verwoerd studied eugenics during his German sojourn and later based his apartheid policy on Nazi ideology, are still in the process of being evaluated by scholars. Critics contend that eugenics was usually taught at medical faculties during this period. Christoph Marx asserts that Verwoerd kept a conspicuous distance from eugenic theories and racist social technologies, emphasising environmental influences rather than hereditary abilities. Verwoerd's fiancee, Betsie Schoombie, joined him in Germany and they were married in Hamburg on 7 January 1927. Later that year, he continued his studies in Britain and then proceeded to the United States of America. His lecture notes and memoranda at Stellenbosch University stressed that there were no biological differences between the big racial groups, and concluded that "this was not really a factor in the development of a higher social civilisation by the Caucasians." He published a number of works dating back to his time in Germany: *"A method for the experimental production of emotions" (1926) *"'n Bydrae tot die metodiek en probleemstelling vir die psigologiese ondersoek van koerante-advert" ("A contribution on the psychological methodology of newspaper advertisement") (1928) *"The distribution of 'attention' and its testing" (1928) *"Effects of fatigue on the distribution of attention" (1928) *"A contribution to the experimental investigation of testimony" (1929?) *"Oor die opstel van objektiewe persoonlikheidsbepalingskemas" ("Objective criteria to determine personality types") (1930?) *"Oor die persoonlikheid van die mens en die beskrywing daarvan" ("On the human personality and the description thereof") (1930?) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hendrik Verwoerd」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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